{"id":1377,"date":"2026-07-31T03:17:18","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T03:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lift-cylinders.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2026-07-31T07:37:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T07:37:10","slug":"boom-lift-cylinders-for-agricultural-compact-wheel-loaders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lift-cylinders.com\/tr\/application\/boom-lift-cylinders-for-agricultural-compact-wheel-loaders\/","title":{"rendered":"Tar\u0131m Kompakt Tekerlekli Y\u00fckleyiciler i\u00e7in Bom Kald\u0131rma Silindirleri"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n

Tar\u0131m Makineleri Serisi \u00b7 Monografi XVIII<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Tar\u0131m Kompakt Tekerlekli Y\u00fckleyiciler i\u00e7in Bom Kald\u0131rma Silindirleri<\/h1>\n

Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan kompakt tekerlekli y\u00fckleyiciler, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hayvan g\u00fcbresi ta\u015f\u0131ma, y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu silaj y\u00fckleme, yuvarlak balya istifleme ve drenaj kanallar\u0131 kazma gibi \u00e7iftlik operasyonlar\u0131nda hayati \u00f6neme sahip yard\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00f6revler yerine getirir. \u015eiddetli d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel kopma kuvvetleri, asimetrik kova y\u00fcklemesi ve agresif organik asit maruziyeti alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu y\u00fckleyicilerin ana bom kald\u0131rma akt\u00fcat\u00f6rlerinin tavizsiz yap\u0131sal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu teknik m\u00fchendislik k\u0131lavuzu, \u00e7ift etkili kaynakl\u0131 bom kald\u0131rma silindirlerinin mekani\u011fini, tribolojisini ve tahribats\u0131z kalite g\u00fcvencesini analiz eder. Y\u00fckleyici bom kald\u0131rma kinemati\u011fini, 42CrMo ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem kineti\u011fini, silindir g\u00f6vdesi boyuna yorulma \u00e7atlamas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedenlerini, kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 kovan mekani\u011fini, elektrolizsiz nikel y\u00fczey korumas\u0131n\u0131 ve 100% Ultrasonik Test (UT) protokollerini inceliyoruz.<\/p>\n

42CrMo Ala\u015f\u0131m Metalurjisi<\/span>
\nKal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 Namlu Tasar\u0131m\u0131<\/span>
\nUT Hata \u0130ncelemesi<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Kompakt Y\u00fckleyici Bom Kald\u0131rma Silindirleri i\u00e7in M\u00fchendislik \u00d6zellikleri Matrisi<\/h2>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki m\u00fchendislik parametreleri, tar\u0131msal kompakt tekerlekli y\u00fckleyicilerde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ift etkili kaynakl\u0131 bomlu kald\u0131rma silindirleri i\u00e7in gerekli yap\u0131sal, metalurjik, s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k ve test kriterlerini belirler.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
M\u00fchendislik Parametresi<\/th>\nTar\u0131m Kompakt Y\u00fckleyici Teknik \u00d6zellikler Standard\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ekipman Kategorisi ve Uygulamas\u0131<\/td>\nTar\u0131m Makineleri \/ Kompakt Tekerlekli Y\u00fckleyiciler (0,5 ila 2,5 Ton Kapasite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alt Sistem Hareket Profili<\/td>\nAna Y\u00fckleyici Kolu Bom Kald\u0131rma Devresi \/ \u00c7ift Etkili Do\u011frusal Y\u00fckseltme ve \u0130ndirme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hidrolik Silindir Ad\u0131<\/td>\nBomlu Kald\u0131rma Silindiri Tertibat\u0131 (\u00c7ift Kald\u0131rma Konfig\u00fcrasyonu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eylem Modu ve Yap\u0131sal Tip<\/td>\n\u00c7ift Etkili Piston Tipi (Y\u00fcksek Kuvvetli \u0130tme Y\u00fckseltme \/ G\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Bas\u0131n\u00e7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130malat \u0130n\u015faat\u0131<\/td>\nTam Penetrasyonlu Robotik Kaynakl\u0131 Kal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 Boru Mimarisi (AWS D1.1 Uyumlu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Malzeme Sistemi Metalurjisi<\/td>\n42CrMo Y\u00fcksek Mukavemetli Ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00c7elik (Sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve Temperlenmi\u015f Diki\u015fsiz Boru)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fczey \u0130\u015fleme ve Kaplama<\/td>\nElektrolizsiz Nikel Kaplama (ENP) \/ \u00c7ift Katmanl\u0131 Nikel-Krom Tabaka (25\u201335 \u03bcm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7evresel De\u011ferlendirme S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/td>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Dinamik Y\u00fck + Havada Bulunan Silika Tozu + Organik Asitler + Y\u00fcksek Nemli \u00c7amur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Profili<\/td>\nK\u0131rma Kazma Kuvveti D\u00f6ng\u00fcleri + Y\u00fcksek Bo\u015faltma Kep\u00e7e Y\u00fckseltmesi + Asimetrik Y\u00fckleme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Birincil Ar\u0131za Giderildi<\/td>\nSilindir G\u00f6vdesinde Boyuna Yorulma \u00c7atla\u011f\u0131 ve Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Patlamas\u0131 Sonucu Y\u0131rt\u0131lma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6nerilen M\u00fchendislik \u00d6nemli Noktalar\u0131<\/td>\nA\u011f\u0131r Kal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 Namlu Oran\u0131 + 100% Hacimsel Ultrasonik Hata Testi (UT)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominal Bas\u0131n\u00e7 De\u011feri<\/td>\n21,0 MPa ila 28,0 MPa (210 \u2013 280 Bar) S\u00fcrekli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Tahliye Bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Kompakt Y\u00fckleyici Bom Kinemati\u011fi ve Hidrolik Kuvvet Dinami\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kompakt tekerlekli y\u00fckleyiciler, dar ah\u0131r koridorlar\u0131nda, hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131nda ve tarla depolama alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc i\u015f makineleridir. D\u00fczg\u00fcn kum veya \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131yan in\u015faat m\u00fchendisli\u011fi y\u00fckleyicilerinin aksine, tar\u0131m y\u00fckleyicileri rutin olarak \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemeleri ta\u015f\u0131r; bunlar aras\u0131nda hafif kuru saman, 1400 kg\/m\u00b3'\u00fcn \u00fczerinde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hayvan g\u00fcbresi, \u0131slak m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r tarla ta\u015flar\u0131 bulunur.<\/p>\n

\"asans\u00f6r-silindiri-ev-uygulamas\u0131-2\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Y\u00fckleyici bomunun ana kald\u0131rma hareketi, \u00e7ift etkili iki pervane ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. hidrolik kald\u0131rma silindirleri<\/a> Ana trakt\u00f6r \u015fasi \u00e7er\u00e7evesi ile alt kald\u0131rma kolu yap\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131na pimlerle monte edilmi\u015f bu silindirler, y\u00fckl\u00fc kep\u00e7e veya palet \u00e7atal\u0131 ata\u015fman\u0131n\u0131 yerden 3,2 metreyi a\u015fan y\u00fcksek bo\u015faltma y\u00fcksekliklerine kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gereken do\u011frusal uzatma kuvvetini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

K\u0131rma Kaz\u0131 Kuvveti D\u00f6ng\u00fcleri ve Tepe Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Olu\u015fumu<\/h3>\n

En zorlu operasyonel a\u015fama, kep\u00e7enin yerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Operat\u00f6r, kep\u00e7enin kesici kenar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcbre y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na veya sert toprak tabakas\u0131na s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, arac\u0131n ileri momentumu, e\u015f zamanl\u0131 kep\u00e7e e\u011fme ve bom kald\u0131rma komutlar\u0131yla birle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Kep\u00e7e, hareket etmeyen malzemeye do\u011fru geri k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131rken, kald\u0131rma silindirlerinin kapak ucu haznesinde hapsolmu\u015f hidrolik s\u0131v\u0131 yo\u011fun bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131\u015flar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131r (P).ani y\u00fckseli\u015f<\/sub> Ana devre emniyet valfi a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce 35,0 MPa'dan y\u00fcksek bir bas\u0131nca ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7, silindir g\u00f6vdesi duvarlar\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7evresel halka gerilimi olu\u015ftururken, dinamik darbe \u015foklar\u0131n\u0131 montaj pim ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131na iletir.<\/p>\n

\n
\"asans\u00f6r-silindiri-ev-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc-4\"

\u00d6n y\u00fckleyici end\u00fcstriyel makinesinin hidrolik silindiri<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00c7ift Etkili Piston Kuvveti Denklemleri<\/h3>\n

Kompakt y\u00fckleyici bom kald\u0131rma silindirleri, hem bomun yukar\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00fckseltilmesi hem de aletin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru n\u00fcfuz etmesi (\u00f6rne\u011fin direk kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 itmek veya ah\u0131r zeminlerini kaz\u0131mak gibi) s\u0131ras\u0131nda pozitif hidrolik kuvvet sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ift etkili piston konfig\u00fcrasyonunu kullan\u0131r. Uzatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcretilen kuvvet (F)itmek<\/sub>) ve geri \u00e7ekme (F\u00e7ekmek<\/sub>Etkin oda alanlar\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Fitmek<\/sub> = Phidr<\/sub> \u00d7 A\u015fapka<\/sub> = Phidr<\/sub> \u00d7 (\u03c0 \u00d7 Ddelik<\/sub>2<\/sup> \/ 4)<\/div>\n
F\u00e7ekmek<\/sub> = Phidr<\/sub> \u00d7 Ahalka<\/sub> = Phidr<\/sub> \u00d7 [\u03c0 \u00d7 (Ddelik<\/sub>2<\/sup> - D\u00e7ubuk<\/sub>2<\/sup>) \/ 4]<\/div>\n

P'nin bulundu\u011fu yerhidr<\/sub> D, sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tahliye bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder (tipik olarak 21,0 ila 28,0 MPa).delik<\/sub> burada, i\u00e7 namlu \u00e7ap\u0131d\u0131r (kompakt y\u00fckleyiciler i\u00e7in 80 mm ila 120 mm) ve d\u00e7ubuk<\/sub> Kat\u0131 piston kolunun d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131 (45 mm ila 70 mm)'dir.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Ar\u0131za K\u00f6k Neden Analizi: Silindir G\u00f6vdesinde Boyuna Yorulma \u00c7atla\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Tar\u0131m makinelerinin y\u00fckleyici operasyonlar\u0131nda, kald\u0131rma silindirleri y\u00fcksek kopma y\u00fckleri alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne maruz kal\u0131r. Saha servis incelemeleri \u015funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r: Silindir G\u00f6vdesinde Boyuna Yorulma \u00c7atla\u011f\u0131 (T\u00fcp Yar\u0131lmas\u0131)<\/strong> Bu, yetersiz boyutland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli asans\u00f6r akt\u00fcat\u00f6rlerinde kritik bir yap\u0131sal ar\u0131za modudur.<\/p>\n

\u0130nce cidarl\u0131 karbon \u00e7elik borulardan (\u00f6rne\u011fin ST52 veya AISI 1045) \u00fcretilen standart yard\u0131mc\u0131 silindirler, tekrarlanan bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ve asimetrik yan y\u00fcklere maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131nda genellikle erken ar\u0131za yaparlar.<\/p>\n

\"Teleskopik-hidrolik-kald\u0131rma-silindir-uygulamas\u0131-1\"<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel \u00c7ember Gerilmesi ve Mikro \u00c7atlak Olu\u015fumunun Mekani\u011fi<\/h3>\n

Kep\u00e7e ile kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fcksek i\u00e7 hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 meydana geldi\u011finde, silindir g\u00f6vdesi silindirik bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 kab\u0131 gibi davran\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bas\u0131n\u00e7, \u00e7evresel bir \u00e7ekme gerilimi olu\u015fturur; bu gerilime halka gerilimi (\u03c3) denir.\u00e7ember<\/sub>(Bu, t\u00fcp duvar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlamas\u0131na ekseni boyunca etki eden bir kuvvettir):<\/p>\n

\u03c3\u00e7ember<\/sub> = (Pani y\u00fckseli\u015f<\/sub> \u00d7 Di\u00e7eri<\/sub>) \/ (2 \u00d7 tduvar<\/sub>)<\/div>\n

D'nin nerede oldu\u011fui\u00e7eri<\/sub> i\u00e7 namlu \u00e7ap\u0131d\u0131r ve tduvar<\/sub> t, boru duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t iseduvar<\/sub> Yetersiz olmas\u0131 durumunda, i\u00e7 bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131\u015flar\u0131, tepe \u00e7evresel gerilimini \u00e7elik malzemenin yorulma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdaki honlanm\u0131\u015f silindir y\u00fczeyinde mikroskobik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, diki\u015f bindirme kusurlar\u0131 veya y\u00fczey \u00e7izikleri varsa, bu mikroskobik kusurlar gerilim yo\u011funla\u015fma \u00e7entikleri g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel y\u00fckleme alt\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek \u00e7ekme kuvvetine sahip \u00e7evresel gerilim, bu \u00e7entik k\u00f6klerinde mikro \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur. Binlerce kazma d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc boyunca, bu yorulma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131, silindir g\u00f6vdesi uzunlamas\u0131na yar\u0131lana kadar duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca radyal olarak d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru yay\u0131l\u0131r ve bu da hidrolik g\u00fcc\u00fcn felaketle sonu\u00e7lanan kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

\"Kal\u0131n<\/div>\n

Asimetrik Kep\u00e7e Y\u00fcklemesi ve Yanal E\u011filme Gerilimi<\/h3>\n

Tar\u0131m operasyonlar\u0131nda, y\u00fckleyici kep\u00e7eleri nadiren d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir y\u00fcklemeye maruz kal\u0131r. E\u011fer bir operat\u00f6r s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fcbre y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na kep\u00e7enin sadece sol k\u00f6\u015fesini kullanarak girerse, asimetrik diren\u00e7 y\u00fckleyici bom kolu ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 boyunca bir burulma momenti olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Bu b\u00fckme kuvveti, \u015fiddetli yanal b\u00fckme gerilimi (\u03c3) olu\u015fturur.b\u00fckme<\/sub>) uzat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kald\u0131rma silindiri piston kolu ve silindir tertibat\u0131 boyunca. \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7ember geriliminin d\u0131\u015f e\u011filme gerilimiyle ayn\u0131 hizaya geldi\u011fi silindir duvar\u0131n\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda, birle\u015fik \u00e7ekme gerilimi (\u03c3toplam<\/sub> = \u03c3\u00e7ember<\/sub> + \u03c3b\u00fckme<\/sub>Bu durum \u00e7atlak yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rarak namlunun erken ar\u0131zalanmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

1. D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Art\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/h4>\n

S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzemenin i\u00e7ine do\u011fru kazma i\u015flemi, 35,0 MPa'n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bas\u0131n\u00e7 dalgalanmalar\u0131 yarat\u0131r ve \u00e7evresel halka gerilimini standart karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi yorulma e\u015fiklerinin \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

2. Y\u00fczey Alt\u0131 \u00c7entik Yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\n

Mikroskobik malzeme kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 veya delik y\u00fczeyindeki kusurlar, gerilim yo\u011funla\u015fma noktalar\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek, dinamik yorulma d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri alt\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fcyen mikro \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3. Boyuna Boru B\u00f6lme<\/h4>\n

\u00c7ember gerilimi ve yanal b\u00fck\u00fclme y\u00fcklerinin birle\u015fimi, yorulma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n\u0131n duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 boyunca ilerlemesine neden olarak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131 f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rmas\u0131na ve namlunun tamamen y\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

\u00d6nerilen Konfig\u00fcrasyon: A\u011f\u0131r Kal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 M\u00fchendislik ve Ultrasonik Muayene<\/h2>\n

Tar\u0131m kompakt y\u00fckleyicilerinde silindir g\u00f6vdesi yorulma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve uzun vadeli operasyonel g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak, \"A\u011f\u0131r Kal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 G\u00f6vde Tasar\u0131m\u0131\" ve \"100% Hacimsel Ultrasonik Hata Testi (UT)\" etraf\u0131nda merkezlenmi\u015f m\u00fchendislik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc gerektirir.<\/p>\n

1. Lam\u00e9 Kal\u0131n Duvarl\u0131 Varil Geometrisi<\/h3>\n

\u015eiddetli bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda elastik t\u00fcp geni\u015flemesini \u00f6nlemek ve i\u00e7 \u00e7ember gerilimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in silindir g\u00f6vdeleri kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kaplar olarak tasarlan\u0131r. Lam\u00e9'nin kal\u0131n duvar denklemlerine g\u00f6re, bir silindir, d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7apa oran\u0131 (K = D) belirli bir de\u011ferden b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funda kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.d\u0131\u015ftan<\/sub> \/ Di\u00e7eri<\/sub>) 1,20'yi a\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kompakt y\u00fckleyici bom kald\u0131rma silindirleri i\u00e7in duvar oran\u0131 1,30 ile 1,40 aras\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ember geriliminin radyal da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 (\u03c3\u00e7ember<\/sub>Kal\u0131n duvarl\u0131 bir boru boyunca olan ak\u0131m \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u03c3\u00e7ember(r)<\/sub> = [ Pani y\u00fckseli\u015f<\/sub> \u00d7 Di\u00e7eri<\/sub>2<\/sup> \/ (Dd\u0131\u015ftan<\/sub>2<\/sup> - Di\u00e7eri<\/sub>2<\/sup>) ] \u00d7 [ 1 + (Dd\u0131\u015ftan<\/sub>2<\/sup> \/ 4r2<\/sup>) ]<\/div>\n

Duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oran\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u00e7 delikteki tepe \u00e7evresel gerilimi 35%'den fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerilimlerinin ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik alt tabakan\u0131n sonsuz yorulma \u00f6mr\u00fc aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\"ana<\/p>\n

2. 100% Hacimsel Ultrasonik Kusur Testi Protokolleri (UT)<\/h3>\n

Yorulma \u00e7atlamas\u0131na neden olabilecek y\u00fczey alt\u0131 kusurlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131r olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, her ham boru ekstr\u00fczyonu, ISO 17640 \/ EN 12680 Seviye B standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 100% hacimsel Ultrasonik Kusur Testine (UT) tabi tutulur:<\/p>\n